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In ancient Rome, ''thermae'' (from Greek θερμός ''thermos'', "hot") and ''balneae'' (from Greek βαλανεῖον ''balaneion'') were facilities for bathing. ''Thermae'' usually refers to the large imperial bath complexes, while ''balneae'' were smaller-scale facilities, public or private, that existed in great numbers throughout Rome.〔Harry B. Evans, ''Water Distribution in Ancient Rome'' (University of Michigan Press, 1994, 1997), pp. 9–10 (online. )〕 Most Roman cities had at least one, if not many, such buildings, which were centres not only for bathing, but socializing. Roman bath-houses were also provided for private villas, town houses, and forts. They were supplied with water from an adjacent river or stream, or more normally, by an aqueduct. The water would be heated by a log fire before being channelled into the hot bathing rooms. The design of baths is discussed by Vitruvius in ''De Architectura''. ==Terminology== ''Thermae, balneae, balineae, balneum'' and ''balineum'' may all be translated as "bath" or "baths", though Latin sources distinguish among these terms. ''Balneum'' or ''balineum'', derived from the Greek 〔.〕〔Varro, De Ling. Lat. ix. 68, ed. Müller (cited by Rich, 183)〕 signifies, in its primary sense, a bath or bathing-vessel, such as most persons of any consequence amongst the Romans possessed in their own houses,〔Cicero, ''Ad Atticum'' ii. 3.〕 and hence the chamber which contained the bath,〔Cicero, Ad Fam. xiv. 20 (cited by Rich, 183).〕 which is also the proper translation of the word ''balnearium''. The diminutive ''balneolum'' is adopted by Seneca〔Ep. 86 (cited by Rich, 183)〕 to designate the bathroom of Scipio, in the villa at Liternum, and is expressly used to characterise the modesty of republican manners as compared with the luxury of his own times. But when the baths of private individuals became more sumptuous, and comprised many rooms, instead of the one small chamber described by Seneca, the plural ''balnea'' or ''balinea'' was adopted, which still, in correct language, had reference only to the baths of private persons. Thus Cicero terms the baths at the villa of his brother Quintus〔Ad Q. Frat. iii. 1. § 1 (cited by Rich, 183)〕 ''balnearia''. ''Balneae'' and ''balineae'', which according to Varro〔De Ling. Lat. viii. 25, ix. 41, ed. Müller (cited by Rich, 183)〕 have no singular number, were the public baths. But this accuracy of diction is neglected by many of the subsequent writers, and particularly by the poets, amongst whom ''balnea'' is not uncommonly used in the plural number to signify the public baths, since the word ''balneae'' could not be introduced in a hexameter verse. Pliny also, in the same sentence, makes use of the neuter plural ''balnea'' for public, and of ''balneum'' for a private bath.〔Ep. ii. 17. (cited by Rich, 184)〕 ''Thermae'' (Greek: , ''Thermai'', "hot springs, hot baths",〔.〕 from the Greek adjective ''thermos'', "hot") meant properly warm springs, or baths of warm water; but came to be applied to those magnificent edifices which grew up under the empire, in place of the simple balneae of the republic, and which comprised within their range of buildings all the appurtenances belonging to the Greek gymnasia, as well as a regular establishment appropriated for bathing.〔Juv. Sat. vii. 233 (cited by Rich, 184)〕 Writers, however, use these terms without distinction. Thus the baths erected by Claudius Etruscus, the freedman of the Emperor Claudius, are styled by Statius〔Sylv. i. 5. 13 (cited by Rich, 184)〕 ''balnea'', and by Martial〔vi. 42 (cited by Rich, 184)〕 ''Etrusci thermulae''. In an epigram by ''Martial''〔ix. 76 (cited by Rich, 184)〕—''subice balneum thermis''—the terms are not applied to the whole building, but to two different chambers in the same edifice. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Thermae」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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